Why In News?

The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued an advisory enforcing the Supreme Court  judgment in Yash Charitable Trust vs Union of India (2026), restricting Stem Cell Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) strictly to approved clinical trials.

What is Stem Cell Therapy?

Stem cells are unspecialized human cells that can divide and turn into many different specialized cell types in the body. There are three primary types of stem cells:  Stem cells are different from regular body cells because they have two unique properties:  

  • Self-renewal: They can divide and make copies of themselves over and over.

  • Differentiation: They can change into specialized cells, like muscle cells, red blood cells, or brain cells. 

Stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative medicine, is a medical treatment that utilizes the unique regenerative and reparative potential of stem cells to fix or replace diseased, dead, or damaged tissues. 

  • Unlike conventional drugs that merely manage symptoms, stem cell therapy targets the underlying cellular damage to restore normal functions. 

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Therapeutic Applications: Proven clinical application of stem cells is largely restricted to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for bone marrow reconstitution in 32 approved indications involving specific blood, immune, and hematological disorders such as leukemia and thalassemia.

Regulation: Under Rule 2(1)(w)(v) of the New Drugs and Clinical Trials (NDCT) Rules, 2019, stem cell preparations requiring mandatory clinical trial authorization from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) headed by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

  • It is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts with others, learns, and experiences the world.  

  • Core Characteristics: Signs and traits of autism generally appear in early childhood and fall into two main areas: 

  • Social communication and interaction: Challenges with back-and-forth conversation, making eye contact, understanding body language, or building relationships. 

  • Restricted or repetitive behaviors: Repetitive physical movements (such as hand-flapping), intense focus on specific interests, or high and low sensitivities to sensory input like sounds or lights. 

What Directives Were Issued in the Government Advisory on Stem Cell Therapy?

Approved Clinical Trials: The Union Health Ministry advisory mandates that the therapeutic use of any type of stem cell for ASD must remain confined strictly to duly approved clinical trials.

Regulatory Oversight: Clinical trials must comply with the National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (NGSCR) 2017 and National Ethical Guidelines 2017, requiring prior approvals from a registered Institutional Committee for Stem Cell Research (IC-SCR), a CDSCO-registered Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), and the CDSCO.

Evidence-Based Treatment: Systematic reviews conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) published in the Evidence Based Status of Stem Cell Therapy for Human Diseases (2021) confirmed that existing clinical studies fail to demonstrate Level I or Level II evidence supporting Stem Cell Therapy over standard behavioral therapies.

Patient Safety: Prohibits healthcare providers and clinical establishments from offering, promoting, or advertising stem cell interventions for ASD as commercial or routine clinical care.