MOUNTAIN RANGES OF INDIA

India is home to some of important mountain ranges in world forming natural barriers influencing climate & supporting diverse ecosystems. These ranges play a vital role in India’s culture, history, economy by providing water sources, minerals, forests & tourism opportunities.

Importance of Indian Mountain Ranges

• Climate Regulation: Himalayas block cold windsfrom Central Asia contributing to India’s monsoon system.
• Source of Rivers: Major rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus originate from these mountains.
• Biodiversity Hotspots: Home to unique flora and fauna including species found only in India.
• Strategic and Economic Importance: Some ranges form natural borders with other countries and they contain valuable minerals and hydroelectric resources.
• Tourism and Spiritual Significance: From trekking in the Himalayas to sacred sites in the Western Ghats these mountains are integral to Indian culture.

Major Mountain Ranges in India

1. Himalayan Mountain Range

Himalayas derived from Sanskrit words “Hima” (snow) and “Alaya” (abode) meaning “Abode of Snow,” are youngest and highest mountain range in world. Spanning across five countries—India, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Tibet), and Pakistan—the Himalayas serve as a natural barrier between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau.

The range extends for 2,400 km (1,500 miles) from west to east and has a width varying from 200 to 400 km. It is home to Mount Everest (8,848.86 m), the tallest peak in the world, and numerous glaciers that are the source of major Asian rivers.

Geographical Divisions of the Himalayas:

The Himalayas are divided into three main parallel ranges based on altitude:

(a) Greater Himalayas (Himadri)

• The highestand most continuous range, consisting of peaks above 7,000 m.
• Includes Mount Everest (8,848.86 m), K2 (8,611 m), and Kangchenjunga (8,586 m).
• Mostly permanently snow-covered, with large glaciers.

(b) Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)

• Ranges between 3,500–4,500 min height.
• Includes important ranges like Pir Panjal, Dhauldhar, and Mahabharat.
• Known for hill stationslike Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, and Manali.

(c) Shivalik Hills (Outer Himalayas)

• The southernmost and lowest range(600–1,500 m).
• Composed of unconsolidated sediments, making them prone to erosion.
• Rich in terai and bhabar regions, providing fertile land for agriculture.

Regional Divisions from West to East:

1. Punjab Himalayas (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)
2. Kumaon Himalayas (Uttarakhand)
3. Nepal Himalayas (Nepal)
4. Assam Himalayas (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan)

Major Peaks of the Himalayas:

Peak	Height (m)	Location
Mount Everest	8,848.86	Nepal/Tibet
K2 (Godwin Austen)	8,611	Pakistan
Kangchenjunga	8,586	India/Nepal
Lhotse	8,516	Nepal/Tibet
Makalu	8,485	Nepal/Tibet
Dhaulagiri	8,167	Nepal
Nanga Parbat	8,126	Pakistan
Annapurna	8,091	Nepal

Major Rivers Originating in the Himalayas:

(a) Indus River System (Draining into the Arabian Sea)

• Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
• Important for Pakistan’s water supply

(b) Ganga River System (Draining into the Bay of Bengal)

• Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi
• Lifeline for India and Bangladesh

(c) Brahmaputra River System (Draining into the Bay of Bengal)

• Brahmaputra, Subansiri, Manas, Teesta
• Flows through China (Tibet), India, Bangladesh

Major Glaciers of the Himalayas:

Glacier	Length (km)	Location
Siachen	76	Ladakh, India
Gangotri	30.2	Uttarakhand, India
Yamunotri	19	Uttarakhand, India
Zemu	26	Sikkim, India
Baltoro	63	Pakistan

Important Passes in the Himalayas:

Pass	Location	Elevation (m)	Importance
Karakoram Pass	Ladakh, India	5,540	Ancient Silk Route
Nathu La	Sikkim, India	4,310	India-China border trade route
Zoji La	Ladakh, India	3,528	Connects Ladakh and Kashmir

Climate of the Himalayas:

Zone	Elevation	Climate Type
Subtropical	<1,500m	Hot, humid summers, mild winters
Temperate	1,500-3,500m	Cool summers, cold winters
Alpine	3,500-5,500m	Permafrost, snow-covered
Tundra	>5,500m	Extreme cold, glaciers

Flora and Fauna of the Himalayas:

(a) Flora (Vegetation Zones)

• Tropical forests(Teak, Sal, Bamboo)
• Temperate forests(Oak, Rhododendron, Pine)
• Alpine vegetation(Mosses, Lichens)

(b) Fauna (Wildlife)

• Snow Leopard– Found in Ladakh, Himachal, and Sikkim
• Red Panda– Eastern Himalayas in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh
• Himalayan Brown Bear
• Musk Deer(Endangered species)
• Himalayan Monal (State bird of Uttarakhand)

Economic and Strategic Importance of the Himalayas:

(a) Economic Importance

• Water Source– Provides water to 3 billion people
• Agriculture– Fertile river valleys for rice, wheat, and tea
• Hydropower– Large hydroelectric projects
• Tourism & Mountaineering– Everest Base Camp, Manali, Leh-Ladakh
• Medicinal Plants– Source of herbal medicines

(b) Strategic Importance

• Natural Barrier– Protects India from northern invasions
• Military Significance– Important for India-China and India-Pakistan border defense
• Trade Routes– Silk Route, Nathu La Pass, Karakoram Pass

1. Karakoram Range

Karakoram Range is one of highest and most rugged mountain ranges in the world. It is home to K2 (8,611 m) second-highest peak on Earth and contains some of the largest glaciers outside polar regions. The range spans across Pakistan, India, China forming a vital geographical and strategic region.

Geographical Extent:

• Length:~500 km
• Width:~200 km
• Location: Spreads across Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan), India (Ladakh), China (Xinjiang)
• Boundaries:
  • West: Hindu Kush Range
  • East: Tibetan Plateau
  • North: Pamir Mountains
  • South: Greater Himalayas

Major Peaks in the Karakoram Range:

Peak	Height (m)	Country
K2 (Godwin Austen)	8,611	Pakistan/China
Broad Peak	8,051	Pakistan/China
Gasherbrum I	8,080	Pakistan/China
Gasherbrum II	8,035	Pakistan/China
Masherbrum	7,821	Pakistan
Rakaposhi	7,788	Pakistan
Saser Kangri	7,672	India

• K2 is harder to climb than Everestdue to extreme weather and difficult terrain.

Glaciers in the Karakoram Range:

The Karakoram has the highest concentration of glaciers outside polar regions often referred to as the “Third Pole”.

Glacier	Length (km)	Location
Siachen Glacier	76	India (Ladakh)
Baltoro Glacier	63	Pakistan
Biafo Glacier	67	Pakistan
Hispar Glacier	49	Pakistan
Chogo Lungma	47	Pakistan

• Siachen Glacieris the world’s highest battlefield where India and Pakistan maintain a military presence.
• Baltoro Glacieris home to Concordia a famous base camp for K2 and other peaks.

Major Passes in the Karakoram Range:

Pass	Elevation (m)	Location	Importance
Karakoram Pass	5,540	India-China border	Ancient Silk Route
Khardung La	5,359	Ladakh, India	Highest motorable road
Sasser Pass	5,411	Ladakh, India	Connects Nubra & Shyok valleys
Wakhjir Pass	4,923	Afghanistan-China	Connects Wakhan Corridor

Climate of the Karakoram Range:

• Extreme Cold: Most of the Karakoram range is above the snowline year-round.
• Temperature: Can drop below -50°C in winters.
• Precipitation: Receives less monsoon rain compared to the Himalayas.

Flora and Fauna:

(a) Flora

• Sparse vegetation due to extreme cold.
• Alpine meadowsfound at lower altitudes.
• Dwarf shrubs, mosses, and lichens grow in some areas.

(b) Fauna

Animal	Description
Snow Leopard	Top predator, found in higher altitudes
Ibex	Mountain goat species, adapted to rocky terrain
Himalayan Brown Bear	Largest carnivore of the region
Marco Polo Sheep	Found in high-altitude grasslands
Ladakh Urial (Red Sheep)	Endangered species native to Ladakh

Rivers Originating from the Karakoram:

• Indus River(Pakistan, India) – Major river fed by Karakoram glaciers.
• Shyok River(Ladakh, Pakistan) – Tributary of the Indus.
• Gilgit River(Pakistan) – Flows through Gilgit-Baltistan.
• Nubra River(Ladakh, India) – Tributary of the Shyok River.

Strategic and Economic Importance:

(a) Strategic Importance

• The Karakoram Highway (KKH)connects Pakistan and China, facilitating trade and military movements.
• Siachen Glacieris a critical military zone due to tensions between India and Pakistan.
• Presence of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

(b) Economic Importance

• Tourism: Mountaineering, trekking (K2 base camp, Concordia, Skardu).
• Trade Routes: Karakoram Highway supports China-Pakistan trade.
• Mineral Resources: Deposits of gold, uranium, and rare metals.

Karakoram vs Himalayas: Key Differences

Feature	Karakoram Range	Himalayas
Location	Pakistan, India, China	India, Nepal, Bhutan, China
Highest Peak	K2 (8,611 m)	Everest (8,848.86 m)
Glaciers	Largest outside poles	Many but smaller
Climate	Drier, extreme cold	More monsoon influence
Vegetation	Sparse	Rich forests

1. Purvanchal Range

Purvanchal Range (also known as the Eastern Ghats of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) located in northeastern India is a major mountain range in the Indian subcontinent. It forms part of the Eastern Ghats and plays an essential role in the region’s geography, climate, biodiversity.

Geographical Extent:

• Location: Primarily in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal, with some extension into Jharkhand.
• Length: Approximately 600 km (375 miles).
• Boundaries:
  • North: The Ganges Plain and the Himalayan foothills.
  • South: Transitioning into the Chhotanagpur Plateau and Deccan Plateau.
  • East: Bordering Bengal Basin and Orissa.
  • West: The Gangetic plains.

Formation and Structure:

• The Purvanchal Range is part of the Eastern Ghats, a series of fragmented hillsthat run parallel to the eastern coast of India.
• It is considered geologically olderthan the Himalayas and is mostly made up of ancient rocks, such as granite and schist, which are resistant to erosion.
• The range is not as tallor as continuous as other mountain ranges in India, like the Himalayas, but its undulating terrain and isolated hills are distinct.

Major Peaks of Purvanchal Range:

The Purvanchal Range doesn’t have extremely high peaks like the Himalayas or Western Ghats, but it has some significant hills and mountains.

Peak/Hill	Height (m)	Location
Deomali Hill	1,672	Orissa
Gorakhpur Hills	~1,500	Uttar Pradesh
Parasnath Hill	1,370	Jharkhand
Kaimur Hills	1,000-1,300	Bihar/Uttar Pradesh
Rajmahal Hills	800-1,000	Bihar/Jharkhand

Key Rivers in the Purvanchal Range:

Several important rivers originate from or pass through the Purvanchal Range significantly affecting the region’s agriculture, water supply, economy.

River	Source/Location	Region
Ganges	Himalayas, but enters the Purvanchal from the north	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
Son River	Amarkantak Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
Kosi River	Himalayas	Bihar
Mahananda River	Darjeeling Hills (West Bengal)	West Bengal, Bihar

These rivers contribute to the fertile plains in the region and irrigate agricultural lands.

Flora and Fauna:

The Purvanchal Range has a moderate climate that supports variety of flora and fauna though not as rich as the Western Ghats or Himalayas.

(a) Flora

• The flora of the region is dominated by tropical forestsand deciduous vegetation, including species like:
  • Sal trees (Shorea robusta)
  • Teak
  • Bamboo
  • Tamarind
  • Mahua trees
  • Mango trees
• Grassesand shrubs are also common in lower altitudes.
• The higher altitudes (above 1,500 m) support some coniferous forests.

(b) Fauna

While the Purvanchal Range has fewer large mammals than the Western Ghats or Himalayas, it is home to a variety of wildlife species:

• Tigers– Found in areas like Sariska and Kaziranga.
• Elephants– Found in the Himalayan foothills (Uttarakhand and West Bengal).
• Leopards
• Sloth bears
• Wild boars
• Deer species like Sambar, Chital & Nilgai.

Climate and Ecosystem:

• Monsoon Climate: The region experiences a tropical monsoon climate, with rainfall concentrated between June and September.
• Average Temperature: Ranges 20°C to 35°C in the summer and can dip to 5°C to 15°C in winter.
• The climate varies depending on the elevation and proximity to the plains:
  • Low altitude areas have hot and humid
  • Higher elevations experience a cooler and temperate climate.
• The region vegetation transitions from tropical dry deciduous forests to montane forests at higher altitudes.

Important Hill Stations:

While the Purvanchal Range is not as well known for hill stations as the Himalayas, there are a few notable tourist destinations.

• Darjeeling (West Bengal) – Famous for tea gardens, toy train & view of the Kanchenjunga peak.
• Kausani (Uttarakhand) – A quiet hill station offering stunning views of the Himalayas.
• Parasnath Hill (Jharkhand) – Famous for Jain temples and pilgrimages.

Economic Importance:

• Agriculture: The Purvanchal Range and the surrounding plains are crucial for rice, wheat, sugarcane
• Mining: The region has major mineral resources including limestone, coal, mica.
• Tourism: The hill stations, wildlife sanctuaries, religious sites attract tourists.
• Forests: Sal wood and other valuable timber are sourced from the forests in the range.

Challenges and Environmental Issues:

• Deforestation: Illegal logging for timber and fuel wood remains a major issue in the region.
• Flooding: The Son River and other rivers cause annual floods in parts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• Soil Erosion: The region’s fragile hills face soil erosion, especially in areas with agricultural activities.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: As human settlements expand, conflicts with wildlife (such as elephants and tigers) are increasing.

1. Aravalli Range

Aravalli Range is one of oldest mountain ranges in world and is a major geological and geographical feature of Indian subcontinent. The range stretches across northwestern India extending from Gujarat in southwest to Haryana in the northeast. The Aravallis are known for their rich biodiversity, historical significance, geological importance.

Geographical Extent:

• Location: The Aravalli Range runs from Gujarat in the southwest to Haryana in the northeast, passing through the states of Rajasthan, and partially touching Delhi.
• Length: The range stretches approximately 800 kilometers (500 miles).
• Width: The width of the Aravallis varies from 60 km to 100 km in different parts.
• Elevation: Highest peak in Aravalli range is Guru Shikhar at 1,722 meters (5,650 feet) located in Mount Abu, Rajasthan.

Geological Formation and Structure:

• Aravalli Range is one of oldest mountain systemsin world estimated to be over 2 billion years old.
• The range consists primarily of metamorphic rocks, including gneiss, granite, and schist, as well as sedimentary rockssuch as limestone and sandstone.
• The Aravalli hills are generally low-lying, with some ridges and peaks, but they are older than the Himalayasand therefore much more eroded.
• Over time, the range has undergone extensive weatheringand erosion, which has resulted in the formation of valleys, plateaus, and basins in the region.

Major Peaks of Aravalli Range:

Though not as tall as the Himalayas, the Aravalli Range has several important peaks:

Peak	Height (m)	Location
Guru Shikhar	1,722	Mount Abu, Rajasthan
Mount Abu	1,722	Rajasthan
Sajjangarh Hill	884	Rajasthan
Kailash Hill	1,084	Rajasthan
Achalgarh Peak	1,150	Rajasthan

Rivers of Aravalli Range:

The Aravalli Range does not have major rivers originating from it, but it significantly affects the flow and drainage patterns in the region. It serves as a watershed for several important rivers that flow through the plains of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some notable rivers influenced by the Aravallis are:

River	Source	Region
Luni River	Aravalli Hills in Rajasthan	Rajasthan
Banas River	Aravalli Hills	Rajasthan
Mahi River	Mahi Basin	Rajasthan, Gujarat
Saraswati River	Near Sikar in Rajasthan	Haryana, Rajasthan

These rivers flow mainly to the southeast, contributing significantly to the agriculture and ecosystems of the surrounding plains.

Flora and Fauna of the Aravalli Range:

(a) Flora

The Aravalli Range’s flora is primarily dry, thorny, and scrubby due to its relatively arid climate, but there is also a mix of forested patches in areas with higher elevations.

• Trees:
  • Babul (Acacia arabica)
  • Neem (Azadirachta indica)
  • Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
  • Khejri (Prosopis cineraria)
  • Pipal (Ficus religiosa)
• Shrubs and Plants:
  • Cactus
  • Khejri
  • Acacia

(b) Fauna

The fauna of the Aravallis includes a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Some of the notable species found in the range are:

• Mammals:
  • Leopards
  • Nilgai (Blue Bull)
  • Wild boar
  • Indian wolf
  • Hyenas
  • Jackals
• Birds:
  • Indian Peafowl (Peacock)
  • Indian Bustard
  • Steppe Eagle
  • Vultures
• Reptiles:
  • Indian Cobra
  • Monitor lizards
• Insects:
  • The range also has several species of butterflies, beetles, and moths.

Climate and Ecosystem:

The climate of the Aravalli Range varies across its length and altitude, but generally, it is arid to semi-arid, with some regions experiencing more temperate conditions due to elevation.

• Monsoon Season: From June to September, the Aravallis receive moderate rainfall due to the southwest monsoon. The rainfall is heaviest in the southern and elevated parts of the range.
• Winter: Winters (November to February) are cool with temperatures ranging 5°C to 18°C especially in higher altitudes.
• Summer: During summer (March to June), temperatures can soar up to 40°C or more especially in low lying areas of Rajasthan.

The ecosystem of the Aravallis is characterized by mix of dry forest and grassland with scrub vegetation in the lower regions and temperate forests at higher altitudes.

Historical Significance:

The Aravalli Range has had a major influence on the history and culture of Rajasthan and Gujarat:

• Fortifications and Monuments: Many forts and palaces are located along the Aravalli hills, particularly in Rajasthan. Some famous forts are:
  • Kumbhalgarh Fort
  • Amber Fort
  • Mehrangarh Fort
  • Chittorgarh Fort
• Religious Sites: The Aravallis also have important religious sites, such as the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, a revered Jain pilgrimage center.
• Mining History: The range has been an important site for mining particularly for marble, granite, copper

Economic Importance:

• Agriculture: The fertile plains and valleys between the Aravallis support the cultivation of crops like wheat, barley, cotton, millets, and maize.
• Mining: The range has rich deposits of marble, sandstone, limestone, and gypsum which are heavily mined, especially in Rajasthan.
• Tourism: The Aravallis attract tourists due to their historical significance, religious sites, and natural beauty. Areas like Mount Abu are well-known hill stations.
• Forestry: The forests of Aravalli range provide timber and firewood and support local economy.

Environmental Issues and Challenges:

• Deforestation: clearing of forests for agriculture and urbanization is a major concern in region.
• Water Scarcity: Despite the Aravallis role in the drainage of several rivers, water scarcity is a pressing issue particularly in the southern and western parts of Rajasthan.
• Soil Erosion: Soil erosion due to mining activities and deforestation is a growing problem.
• Wildlife Protection: The habitat loss for wildlife due to encroachment and poaching remains a concern.

1. Vindhya Range

Vindhya Range is one of India’s oldest and most significant mountain chains situated in central India acting as a geographical barrier and playing a major role in the region’s climate, water systems, biodiversity, cultural heritage.

Geographical Extent and Orientation:

• Location: The Vindhya Range spans across several states in central India:
  • Madhya Pradesh (majority of the range)
  • Uttar Pradesh
  • Maharashtra
  • Rajasthan
  • Bihar
• Length and Width: It stretches over 1,000 kilometers (approximately 620 miles) in length. The width varies, but it typically spans around 150-250 kilometers.
• Orientation: The range runs in an east-west direction, from Kaimur Hills in the east (near the Ganga Plains) to the Sahayadri Hills in the west (towards the Deccan Plateau). The range lies parallel to the Narmada River with the river flowing to its north.
• Boundaries: The Vindhyas form the northern boundary of the Deccan Plateau and are separated by the Narmada River to the north. They also form the southern edge of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Geological Characteristics:

• The Vindhya Range is primarily made up of sedimentary rocks including:
  • Sandstone
  • Shale
  • Limestone
  • Conglomerates
• Geological Formation: The mountains are part of the Precambrian age and were formed 5 billion years agoduring the Proterozoic Era. The range is the result of tectonic uplift and erosion.
  • The Vindhyas have been eroded over time, resulting in plateaus, ridges, and valleys.
  • The range has also undergone folding resulting in the formation of escarpmentsalong its length.
• The Vindhya Range is referred to as  “rift valley”due to its tectonic history.

Major Features:

• Plateaus and Escarpments:
  • The Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh) is the prominent feature in the Vindhya Range.
  • The Kaimur Plateauand Bundelkhand Plateau are other important regions that lie along the Vindhya Range.
  • Steep escarpmentsform dramatic landscapes along these plateaus.
• Rivers and Water Systems:
  • The Narmada Riveris the most significant watercourse running parallel to the Vindhya Range.
  • Other rivers like the Sone, Ken, Betwa, Tungabhadraoriginate from or pass through the range forming vital river systems.
  • The Sone Riverand its tributaries have carved deep valleys through Vindhyas.

Flora and Fauna:

The Vindhya Range features a diverse set of ecosystems due to its variety of altitudes, rainfall patterns, soil types.

• Flora:

  • Dry Deciduous Forestsdominate the lower and mid altitudes while moist deciduous forests are found at higher altitudes.
  • Vegetation includes:
    • Teak(Tectona grandis)
    • Sal(Shorea robusta)
    • Bamboo(Bambusoideae)
    • Acaciaspecies
    • Mangoand Tamarind
  • The Kailwoodand Khair trees are also important in the range.

• Fauna:

  • The Vindhya Range is home to several wildlife species:
    • Tigersand Leopards (often spotted in sanctuaries)
    • Indian Wolf
    • Sloth Bear
    • Indian Bison (Gaur)
    • Chital (Spotted Deer)
    • Wild Boar
    • Various primates(Langur, Rhesus monkeys)
  • Rich avian life includes Indian Peafowl, Parakeets, and Owls.

Historical and Cultural Significance:

• Geopolitical Boundary:Historically Vindhyas have served as a natural barrier separating the northern plainsfrom the Deccan Plateau acting as geographical and cultural divide.
• Ancient Trade Routes:The range has historically facilitated trade routes connecting North India to South India. Ancient cities along the Vindhyas acted as hubs of trade and commerce.
• Mythological Significance:According to ancient Hindu mythology Vindhyas are considered sacred. The range is mentioned in several scriptures, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
• Pachmarhi: A prominent hill station located in the Vindhyas in Madhya Pradesh known for its Buddhist cavesand temples which are sites of religious significance.

Environmental Concerns:

• Deforestation: The region is under threat from over-exploitation for agricultural expansion, mining, and logging. This has led to the destruction of several forest ecosystems.
• Soil Erosion: The steep gradients in many parts of the Vindhyas make the region prone to soil erosion, especially where forests have been cleared for farming.
• Biodiversity Loss: Habitat loss due to deforestation and human encroachment has resulted in a decline in several species, especially large carnivores like the tiger.

1. Satpura Range

Satpura Range is another important mountain range situated to south of Vindhya Range in central India. It is an integral part of India’s physical geography with significant influence over local climate, biodiversity, historical narratives.

Geographical Extent and Orientation:

• Location: The Satpura Range primarily runs through the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh.
• Length and Width: The range stretches approximately 800 kilometers (500 miles) in length.
• Orientation: The Satpura Range runs in a west-east direction, almost parallel to the Vindhya Range, and forms the southern boundary of the Narmada River Valley.
• Elevation: The highest peak in Satpura Range is Dhupgarh at 1,350 meters (4,429 feet).

Geological Characteristics:

• Rock Composition: The Satpura Range is primarily composed of metamorphic rocks like schist, gneiss, quartzite along with igneous rocks such as granite.
• Age: These mountains are older than the Vindhyas with their geological history dating back to Proterozoic Era (about 1 billion years ago).
• Formation: The Satpura Mountains are result of tectonic plate movements and have undergone significant folding and faulting.

Major Features:

• Plateaus and Gorges:

  • The Satpura Range is known for its deep gorges, plateaus, valleys.
  • Pachmarhi located in Satpura Range is highest plateauand major hill station.
  • The range also features deep valleys formed by erosiondue to the Tapti, Mahi, Narmada Rivers.

• Rivers:

  • The Narmada, Tapti, Mahirivers flow through the Satpura Range originating from the hills or nearby plateaus and contributing to the drainage of the region.
  • The Tawa River, Ken River, Bargi Reservoirare other important water bodies that flow through the Satpura.

Flora and Fauna:

The Satpura Range is known for its biodiversity and dense forests which provide habitat to a wide variety of flora and fauna.

• Flora:

  • Tropical Deciduous Forestsare found in the lower altitudes.
  • Higher altitudes are covered with mixed forestsconsisting of:
    • Teak(Tectona grandis)
    • Bamboo
    • Sal(Shorea robusta)
    • Amla(Indian Gooseberry)
  • Medicinal plantsare abundant in the Satpura Range due to its rich biodiversity.

• Fauna:

  • The Satpura Tiger Reserveis home to the Bengal Tiger, and other carnivores like leopards and wild dogs.
  • Sloth Bears, Indian Bison (Gaur), and Nilgai(Blue Bull) are commonly found.
  • The range also hosts a variety of primates(monkeys and langurs), reptiles (including cobras and venomous snakes), and birds such as the Indian Peafowl, Hornbills, and Vultures.

Historical Significance:

• Pachmarhi: Known for its Buddhist caves and historical temples  it has been a center of religious and cultural
• Trade Routes:The Satpura Range has historically been passage between north and south regions of India facilitating trade routes through the gorges and valleys.

Environmental Issues:

• Deforestation: The Satpura region is threatened by deforestation due to illegal logging, miningactivities, urbanization.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: As human settlements encroach into forested regions conflicts with wildlife especially carnivores like tigers and leopards have increased.

1. Eastern Ghats

Eastern Ghats are a major mountain range in India running parallel to eastern coast. They are distinct geographical feature that holds significant ecological, cultural, historical importance. The Eastern Ghats are much older than the Western Ghats although they are lower in height they span a vast area offering rich biodiversity, ancient geological formations, scenic landscapes.

Geographical Extent and Orientation:

• Location: The Eastern Ghats extend from the West Bengal coast in the north to the Tamil Nadu coast in the south. They are located to the east of Deccan Plateau and run parallel to eastern coast of India.
• Length and Width: The range stretches approximately 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles), from the Sundarbans in West Bengal to the Tamil Nadu
• Elevation: Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats have comparatively lower peaks, with the highest point being Jindhagada Peak in Andhra Pradesh at an altitude of 1,690 meters (5,543 feet). Most peaks in the Eastern Ghats range from 600 meters to 1,200 meters in height.
• Orientation: The Eastern Ghats run in a north-south direction and are broken into several disconnected ridges. They do not form continuous range like Western Ghats & are fragmented into smaller hills and peaks.

Geological Characteristics:

• The Eastern Ghats are primarily composed of granite and gneiss with some areas containing sandstone and quartzite. These mountains are predominantly of Precambrian age dating back more than 570 million years.
• The geological history of the Eastern Ghats involves tectonic uplift, erosion, weathering, which have contributed to their current form as a series of scattered ridges and isolated hills.
• The mountains are part of Deccan Plateauand are separated from the Western Ghats by the Coastal Plainsand Deccan Traps.
• The Eastern Ghatsare considered a faulted block mountain range meaning the land in these areas has been uplifted and tilted due to tectonic movements leaving behind an irregular terrain with steep escarpments and ridges.

Major Features and Ranges within the Eastern Ghats:

The Eastern Ghats are broken up into several ranges and individual peaks each contributing to the overall topography and biodiversity of the region.

Key Subranges:

• Kailasagiri Hillsin Tamil Nadu
• Nallamala Hillsin Andhra Pradesh
• Koraput Plateauin Odisha
• Ponduru Hillsin Andhra Pradesh
• Parvathamalai Hillsin Tamil Nadu

Significant Peaks:

• Jindhagada Peak(1,690 meters) – The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats, located in Andhra Pradesh.
• Arma Konda(1,480 meters) – Located in the Andhra Pradesh
• Mahendragiri(1,501 meters) – Located in Odisha.
• Doddabetta(2,637 meters) – Near Coimbatore, although slightly outside the main Eastern Ghats range, it forms the southern extension of the Ghats.

Rivers:

The Eastern Ghats are the source of several important rivers that flow towards the east, draining into the Bay of Bengal:

• Mahanadi River (flowing from Chhattisgarh and Odisha)
• Godavari River (originates in Maharashtra and passes through Telangana)
• Krishna River (originates in Maharashtra, flowing through Andhra Pradesh)
• Cauvery River (originates from Karnataka, flowing through Tamil Nadu)

These rivers are crucial for irrigation, drinking water supporting local agriculture.

Waterfalls:

The Eastern Ghats also feature many beautiful waterfalls such as:

• Chitrakoot Waterfall(Chhattisgarh)
• Talakona Waterfall(Andhra Pradesh)
• Kuntala Waterfall(Telangana)

These falls add to the region’s ecological richness and are important for tourism.

Flora and Fauna:

The Eastern Ghats are home to diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity due to their variety of climates, altitudes, vegetation zones.

Flora:

The vegetation types in the Eastern Ghats vary depending on altitude, rainfall, location resulting in:

• Tropical Dry Deciduous Forestsat lower elevations
• Tropical Wet Deciduous Forestsin areas with higher rainfall
• Evergreen Forestsand montane vegetation at higher altitudes

Common plant species in the region include:

• Teak(Tectona grandis)
• Sandalwood(Santalum album)
• Bamboo(Bambusoideae)
• Sal(Shorea robusta)
• Mangoand Tamarind
• Acaciaand Indian Olive
• Wild species of Cardamomand Ginger

The region has many endemic plant species due to its age-old geological formation and isolation from other mountain ranges.

Fauna:

The Eastern Ghats provide shelter to a variety of animals, both terrestrial and avian species:

• Mammals:
  • Tigers, Leopards, and Wild Dogs(often found in sanctuaries like Nallamala Hills)
  • Elephants, Sloth Bears, Nilgai(Blue Bull), and Indian Bison (Gaur)
  • Primateslike Gray Langurs and Rhesus Monkeys
• Reptiles:
  • Various snakesincluding cobras and pit vipers
  • Tortoisesand lizards
• Birds:
  • Hornbills, Peafowl, Vultures, and Kingfishers
  • Endemic species like the Indian Pittaand Yellow-throated Bulbul
• Amphibians:
  • The range hosts several endemic species of frogsand newts.

The region is vital for maintaining India’s biodiversity and is home to several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks like Eastern Ghats Wildlife Sanctuary, Kailasagiri, Simlipal National Park.

Climate and Weather:

The Eastern Ghats experience a variety of climates due to their varying altitudes:

• Tropical climate prevails at lower elevations, with a hot and humid
• Higher altitudes experience a subtropical climate with cooler temperatures, especially during winter months.
• Monsoon: The region receives significant rainfall during the southwest monsoon season (June to September), with areas like the Koraput Plateau receiving the highest rainfall.

The Eastern Ghats also have a rain shadow effect on Chhattisgarh Plateau and surrounding plains causing lower rainfall in some parts.

Economic Importance:

The Eastern Ghats have immense economic significance due to their resources:

• Mineral Resources: The region has deposits of bauxite, iron ore, chromite, and manganese. Mining in areas like Visakhapatnam and Koraput contributes to the local economy.
• Forests: The forests are sources of timber, non-timber forest products, and medicinal plants, which sustain local communities.
• Agriculture: The fertile lands of the Eastern Ghats, with rivers like the Krishna and Godavari, support rice, cotton, pulses, and millets
• Tourism: waterfalls, forests, wildlife, hill stations like Pondicherry and Simlipal attract tourism.

Environmental and Conservation Issues:

• Deforestation: Extensive logging especially for timber poses a threat to the region’s ecosystems.
• Mining and Quarrying: Extraction of minerals has led to habitat destructionand pollution.
• Water Pollution: rivers in region are affected by industrial & agricultural runoff threatening biodiversity.
• Wildlife Protection: illegal poachingof animals such as tigers and elephants remains concern. Efforts to combat this include wildlife sanctuaries & stricter law enforcement.

1. Western Ghats

Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri Range are mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of India stretching over six states from Gujarat in the north to Tamil Nadu in the south. These mountains are one of eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity in the world & they hold immense ecological, geological, cultural importance. Western Ghats are also recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems.

Geographical Extent & Orientation:

• Location: The Western Ghats are located to west of the Deccan Plateau running parallel to India’s western coastline. They stretch from Gujarat in the north, through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and finally to Tamil Nadu in the south.
• Length and Width: The Western Ghats span approximately 1,600 kilometers (990 miles) in length with varying width from 30 km to over 120 km in some places.
• Elevation: The Western Ghats are characterized by higher altitudes compared to the Eastern Ghats with the average elevation of the range being around 1,200 meters above sea level. The highest peak in the range is Anamudi Peak in Kerala which reaches an altitude of 2,695 meters (8,842 feet). Other significant peaks include Agasthyakoodam (1,868 meters), Mulayit Peak, and Kalsubai Peak.
• Orientation: The range runs in a north-south direction along western edge of the Deccan Plateau. It is considered a tectonic block mountain formed by the breaking apart of ancient landmasses and is largely composed of granite and gneiss.

Geological Characteristics:

• Age: The Western Ghats are ancient mountains, dating back to over 200 million years. They were formed during the breakup of the Gondwana Land when India separated from Africa and Madagascar.
• Composition:The Western Ghats are predominantly made of granite, gneiss, and basalt rocks, with sedimentary rocks found in certain regions, particularly in areas where the rivers have cut through the mountains.
• Landforms:The region is marked by steep escarpments, deep valleys, plateaus & river systems. The mountains are broken into ridges with gaps between peaks forming passes that serve as trade routes.

Major Features and Ranges within the Western Ghats:

The Western Ghats consist of several distinct ranges and peaks each contributing to complex topography of region.

Key Subranges:

• Northern Western Ghats(in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Goa)
  • The Sahyadriand Konkani ranges
  • Koynanagarand Ratnagiri regions
• Central Western Ghats(in Karnataka and Maharashtra)
  • Nilgiri Hills(spanning Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu)
  • Coorg Hills(also called Kodagu in Karnataka)
  • Mullayanagiri Peak(highest point in Karnataka)
• Southern Western Ghats(in Kerala and Tamil Nadu)
  • Agasthyakoodam, Anamudi, Meesapulimala, Silent Valley
  • The Cardamom Hillsand the Palni Hills in Tamil Nadu

Significant Peaks:

• Anamudi Peak(2,695 meters) – The highest peak in the Western Ghats, located in Kerala.
• Agasthyakoodam(1,868 meters) – The second highest peak, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala.
• Kalsubai Peak(1,646 meters) – The highest point in Maharashtra.
• Mulayit Peak(2,569 meters) – Located on the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu
• Mullayanagiri Peak(1,930 meters) – The highest peak in Karnataka.

Rivers and Waterfalls:

The Western Ghats are the origin of numerous important rivers, many of which flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal while others flow westward into the Arabian Sea.

Key Rivers:

• Godavari River– Originates from Trimbakeshwar in Maharashtra and flows eastward through Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.
• Krishna River– Originates from Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and flows through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
• Cauvery River– Originates from Talacauvery in Kodagu, Karnataka, and flows into Tamil Nadu.
• Narmada River– Though it originates in the Satpura Range, part of it runs through the Western Ghats.
• Tungabhadra River– Formed by the confluence of the Tungabhadra and Bhadra

Waterfalls:

• Jog Waterfall(Karnataka) – One of India’s highest waterfalls, at a height of 830 meters.
• Dudhsagar Waterfall(Goa) – A spectacular waterfall in the Sahyadri Range.
• Athirappilly Waterfall(Kerala) – Often referred to as the “Niagara of India”.
• Meghamalai Waterfall(Tamil Nadu) – Located in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu.

These rivers and waterfalls are not only important for agriculture and water supply but also enhance the tourism potential of the Western Ghats.

Flora and Fauna:

The Western Ghats are one of the world’s hottest biodiversity hotspots due to their unique and varied climate, topography, isolation. They host a wide range of flora and fauna many of which are endemic.

Flora:

• Tropical Evergreen Forests at lower elevations, containing species like Rosewood, Teak, and Mahogany.
• Montane Grasslands at higher altitudes.
• Shola Forests in the Nilgiris, Coorg, and Kerala regions, which are moist, temperate forests found at high altitudes.
• Medicinal plants and spices, including cardamom, pepper, and vanilla.

Some common plant species include:

• Bamboo(Bambusoideae)
• Sandalwood(Santalum album)
• Mahogany(Swietenia macrophylla)
• Wild ginger(Zingiber officinale)
• Indian Elm(Ulmus wallichiana)

Fauna:

The Western Ghats are home to endangered and endemic animal species:

• Mammals:
  • Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Indian Tiger, Indian Leopard, Asian Elephant
  • Sloth Bear, Nilgai, Indian Bison(Gaur), Indian Wolf
• Birds:
  • Western Ghats Frogmouth, Nilgiri Pipit, Indian Grey Hornbill
  • Endemic specieslike the Ceylon Frogmouth and Malabar Parakeet
• Reptiles and Amphibians:
  • King Cobra, Indian Star Tortoise, Malabar Pit Viper
  • Various endemic frog species in the Shola forests
• Invertebrates:
  • The Western Ghats are rich in butterfly species, including the Malabar Tree Nymph and the Red-bordered Flitter.

Climate and Weather:

• Tropical Climate: The lower regions of the Western Ghats experience a tropical climate with high humidity and heavy rainfall during the monsoon
• Temperate Climate: Higher altitudes experience a cooler and more temperate climate, especially in the Nilgiris and the Western Ghats of Kerala.
• Monsoons: Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall during southwest monsoon season (June to September) with areas like Mullayanagiri and Western Ghats of Kerala receiving the heaviest rainfall.

Economic Importance:

Western Ghats are a crucial part of India’s economy, contributing to sectors like agriculture, forestry, water resources, and tourism:

• Agriculture: Ghats provide fertile soil for crops like tea, coffee, spices & tobacco.
• Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products: The forests provide valuable resources such as timber, resins, herbs.
• Tourism: The Ghats attract tourists for their ecological beauty, wildlife sanctuaries, hill stations, waterfalls.

Environmental and Conservation Challenges:

• Deforestation and Habitat Destruction: Unsustainable logging, mining & human settlements are leading to habitat loss for endangered species.
• Human Wildlife Conflict: The expansion of human settlements and agricultural activities has caused conflictswith wildlife, particularly in places like Keralaand Tamil Nadu.
• Poaching: Illegal poaching of tigers, elephants & leopardsis important issue.
• Climate Change: Changes in the climate, especially temperature rises pose a threat to the fragile ecosystems and wildlife of the Western Ghats.

1. Nilgiri Range

Nilgiri Range also known as Blue Mountains is prominent mountain range located in southern part of India. Part of the larger Western Ghats the Nilgiris are famed for their rich biodiversity, hill stations, tea plantations, scenic beauty. The Nilgiri Mountains form a natural boundary between the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka & Kerala.

Geographical Extent and Orientation:

• Location:The Nilgiri Range is situated in the southern part of the Western Ghats, where it lies primarily in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, with a small part extending into Kerala. The range acts as a transition between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats.
• Length and Width:The Nilgiri Range spans length of approximately 100-150 km with varying widths that range from 30 km to 60 km in different parts.
• Elevation:The Nilgiri Range has moderate elevation, with peaks ranging from 1,500 meters to 2,600 meters above sea level. The highest point is Doddabetta Peak which reaches an elevation of 2,637 meters (8,652 feet). Other significant peaks in the range include Nilgiri Hills, Kotagiri Hills, and Coonoor Hills.
• Topography: The Nilgiri Range features hills, plateaus, and valleys with several gorges and streams. The range is characterized by steep slopes & there are several deep gaps that form passes between the peaks.

Geological Characteristics:

• Age: The Nilgiri Range is considered one of the oldest mountain ranges in India, with an age estimated at around 500 million years. These mountains were formed during the Gondwana breakup when the Indian subcontinent drifted away from Madagascar and Africa.
• Composition: The Nilgiris are mainly composed of granite and gneiss rocks, with some sedimentary formations found in the valleys. The geological structure of the Nilgiris is marked by faulting, which has created several of its deep valleys and steep ridges.
• Landforms: The Nilgiri Range exhibits highland plateaus, rolling hills, gorges, waterfalls, and deep river valleys. The landscape is heavily shaped by erosion and tectonic forces over millions of years.

Major Features and Subranges of the Nilgiris:

The Nilgiri Range consists of several notable subranges and hill stations each contributing to the range ecological and cultural importance.

Key Subranges and Peaks:

• Doddabetta Peak: The highest peak in the Nilgiris located near Ooty it stands at an elevation of 2,637 meters.
• Kotagiri Hills: Located in Tamil Nadu these hills are known for their picturesque tea plantations and temperate climate.
• Coonoor Hills: Also located in Tamil Nadu Coonoor is known for its scenic beauty and is  popular tourist destination offering views of the surrounding valleys and peaks.
• Wayanad Hills: Located along the borders of Kerala and Karnataka Wayanad is home to unique flora and fauna making it a significant ecological zone.
• Ooty (Udhagamandalam): Known as “Queen of Hill Stations” Ooty is situated at an elevation of about 2,240 meters and is one of famous tourist destinations in southern India.

Rivers, Waterfalls, and Glaciers:

The Nilgiris are the source of several important rivers and are home to several beautiful waterfalls.

Rivers:

• Bhavani River: Originates from the Nilgiri hills and is one of the major rivers in southern Tamil Nadu. It is tributary of Kaveri River.
• Kabini River: Formed by the confluence of the Kudulguni and Karala rivers, it flows through Karnataka and Kerala.
• Pykara River: This river originates from the Nilgiri hills and flows into the Pykara Reservoir, creating the famous Pykara Waterfalls.

Waterfalls:

• Pykara Waterfalls: A beautiful waterfall located near Ooty formed by the Pykara River with a height of around 55 meters.
• Catherine Waterfalls: A stunning two tiered waterfalllocated near Kotagiri with a height of 250 meters.
• Shooting Point Waterfalls: A scenic waterfall located near Coonoorthat is a popular spot for tourists.
• Elk Falls: Located near Coonoor this waterfall is known for its serenity and peaceful surroundings.

Flora and Fauna of the Nilgiris:

The Nilgiri Range is one of India’s most biodiverse regions with different plant and animal species many of which are endemic to area.

Flora:

• Tropical Montane Forests: At lower elevations Nilgiris have tropical montane forests which are home to species like Rosewood, Teak, Mahogany, and Eucalyptus.
• Shola Forests: These are temperate forests found in the Nilgiris at high altitudes mainly comprising species like Oaks, Pines, Rhododendrons, Ferns. These forests are important for water conservation and soil preservation.
• Grasslands and Heaths: Higher up the Nilgiris feature grasslandsand heaths with species like Kangra Grass, Anemone, Sunflower.

Fauna:

• Mammals: The Nilgiris are home to a wide variety of mammals, including the Nilgiri Tahr(endemic to the Nilgiris), Asian Elephant, Indian Tiger, Indian Leopard, Sloth Bear, and Sambar Deer.
• Birds: The region is rich in birdlife, including species like the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush, Western Ghats Frogmouth, Malabar Parakeet, and Indian Grey Hornbill.
• Reptiles: The Nilgiris also host several species of reptiles, including the King Cobra, Indian Star Tortoise, and Malabar Pit Viper.
• Amphibians: Several species of frogs, including the Nilgiri Bullfrog, are endemic to the region.

Climate and Weather:

The Nilgiri Range experiences a temperate climate at higher altitudes with cooler temperatures compared to the plains. The climate varies across the range based on altitude and geographical location:

• Monsoon Season: The region receives heavy rainfallduring the southwest monsoon from June to September. The annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 mm to 2,500 mm.
• Temperature: Temperatures in the Nilgiris are generally cooland pleasant year-round. Summer temperatures range 15°C to 25°C while winter temperatures can drop to 0°C.
• Humidity: Humidity levels in the Nilgiris are moderate, with more humidity at lower elevations and in the valleys.

Economic Importance:

Nilgiri Range has significant economic importance for India particularly in agriculture, tourism, forestry:

• Tea Plantations: The Nilgiris are famous for their tea plantations. Ooty, Coonoor, and Kotagiriare renowned for producing high-quality Nilgiri tea, which is exported worldwide.
• Tourism: The Nilgiris are a major tourist destination attracting visitors for their hill stations, wildlife sanctuaries, waterfalls, biodiversity.
• Agriculture: Apart from tea the region grows crops such as coffee, spices, vegetables which support the local economy.

Environmental and Conservation Challenges:

• Deforestation: region has experienced deforestation due to logging & agricultural expansion leading to habitat loss for wildlife.
• Encroachment: Increased human settlements and tourism development have led to environmental degradation in certain areas.
• Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching of endangered species like Nilgiri Tahrand Indian Tiger remains concern.
• Climate Change: The Nilgiris are highly sensitive to climate change which could affect the delicate balance of ecosystems in the region especially the Shola forests.

 Summary Tables

Mountain ranges in North India

Mountain Range	Location	Key Features	Height	Major Peaks
Himalayas	Extends across Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Nepal and Tibet	The world’s highest mountain range, known for its spiritual and geographical significance.	8,848.86 meters (Mount Everest)	Mount Everest (8,848 m), Kangchenjunga (8,586 m), Nanda Devi (7,816 m), Dhaulagiri (8,167 m)
Pir Panjal Range	Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh	The range that separates the Kashmir Valley from the rest of Jammu & Kashmir. Known for its scenic beauty.	4,500 meters	Mount Harmukh (4,142 m), Gulmarg (2,650 m)
Shivalik Hills	Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand	The southernmost range of the Himalayas, characterized by the presence of thick forests, wildlife, and rivers.	1,500-2,000 meters	Shivling Peak (5,190 m), Raes Khant (2,600 m)
Zanskar Range	Jammu & Kashmir (Ladakh)	A part of the greater Himalayas, known for its remote wilderness and high-altitude treks.	6,000 meters	Nun Kun (7,135 m), Stok Kangri (6,153 m)
Ladakh Range	Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir)	Forms the boundary between the Zanskar Range and the Tibetan Plateau. Known for its barren beauty.	5,000-6,000 meters	Stok Kangri(6,153 m)
Hindu Kush Range	Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of Jammu & Kashmir	Part of the larger Himalayan system, extending westward into Afghanistan and Pakistan.	7,690 meters (Tirich Mir)	Tirich Mir (7,690 m), Noshaq (7,492 m)
Karakoram Range	Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan	Known for its steep terrain and glaciers, including some of the highest peaks in the world.	8,611 meters (K2)	K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak(8,051 m), Gasherbrum(8,080 m)
Aravalli Range	Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi	One of the oldest mountain ranges in India, running in a south-east to north-west direction.	1,722 meters (Guru Shikhar)	Guru Shikhar (1,722 m), Achalgarh Peak (1,040 m)
Naga Hills	Nagaland	Part of the eastern extension of the Himalayas, a chain of mountains stretching into Myanmar.	3,000 meters	Mount Saramati (3,842 m), Mount Japfu (3,048 m)
Mikir Hills	Assam	A range in the state of Assam, located at the south of the Kaziranga National Park.	1,000 meters	Kheroni Peak(1,210 m)
Dhauladhar Range	Himachal Pradesh	An offshoot of the outer Himalayas, located near Dharamshala and McLeod Ganj, known for its Buddhist culture.	4,500 meters	Hanuman Ka Tibba (5,200 m), Mankiani Peak (5,500 m)
Kumaon Himalayas	Uttarakhand	A part of the central Himalayas, home to many revered religious places.	6,000 meters	Nanda Devi (7,816 m), Trishul Peak(7,074 m), Pindari Glacier
Zabarwan Range	Jammu & Kashmir	A subrange of the Pir Panjal Range, located in the Kashmir Valley, known for its forests and biodiversity.	4,000 meters	Zabarwan Peak(4,100 m)
Dhauladhar Range	Jammu & Kashmir	A subrange of the western Himalayas, distinct for its alpine beauty and wildlife.	4,500 meters	Hanuman Ka Tibba (5,200 m), Mankiani Peak (5,500 m)
Kishtwar Himalaya	Jammu & Kashmir	A section of the main Himalayas, rich in biodiversity and religious significance, located around Kishtwar.	6,000 meters	Mt. Kolahoi (5,402 m), Mt. Machail (5,248 m)
Garhwal Himalaya	Uttarakhand	Known for its sacred shrines (e.g., Badrinath), glaciers, and trekking routes.	6,310 meters	Nanda Devi (7,816 m), Trishul Peak(7,074 m), Bhagirathi III (6,454 m)
Dundwa Range	Haryana	A minor mountain range located in the southern parts of Haryana, characterized by low hills and arid terrain.	300-500 meters	None of significant height(generally low hillocks)

Mountain ranges in Central India

Mountain Range	Location	Key Features	Height	Major Peaks
Girnar Range	Gujarat	Located in Saurashtra, known for its temples and the highest peak in Gujarat.	1,160 meters (Girnar Peak)	Girnar Peak (1,160 m), Ambaji Peak (1,000 m)
Aravalli Range	Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Delhi	One of the oldest mountain ranges, running from northeast to southwest.	1,722 meters (Guru Shikhar)	Guru Shikhar (1,722 m), Achalgarh Peak (1,040 m), Sariska Peak (1,300 m)
Malwa Plateau	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan	A large plateau characterized by fertile soil, and stretches across parts of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.	500-800 meters	Chhoti Mahal (800 m), Madhavgarh (600 m)
Rajpipla Hills	Gujarat	Located in the southeastern part of Gujarat, these hills are an extension of the Satpura range.	700-1,200 meters	Rajpipla Peak(1,200 m)
Gawilgarh Hills	Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh	Situated between the Tapi and Narmada rivers, rich in flora and fauna, with ancient fortresses.	1,300 meters	Gawilgarh Peak(1,300 m)
Mahadeo Hills	Madhya Pradesh	Known for dense forests, waterfalls, and ancient temples, part of the Satpura range.	1,000 meters	Mahadeo Peak (1,200 m), Saraswati Hill (1,150 m)
Bhanrer Range	Madhya Pradesh	Part of the Vindhya range, located primarily in the northern region of Madhya Pradesh.	900 meters	Bhanrer Hill(950 m)
Bhander Plateau	Madhya Pradesh	Located in the Vindhya range, the plateau is rich in minerals and serves as a biodiversity hotspot.	1,200 meters	Chunabhatti (1,200 m), Kaimur Hills (1,000 m)
Maikal Hills	Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh	A subrange of the Satpura range, known for its wildlife sanctuaries and the famous Pachmarhi hill station.	1,250 meters	Pachmarhi Peak (1,352 m), Maikal Hill (1,250 m)
Kaimur Range	Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar	A subrange of the Vindhyas, marked by sharp cliffs, deep valleys, and historical significance.	735 meters (Kaimur Peak)	Kaimur Peak (735 m), Kaimur Hills (1,000 m)
Baghelkhand Plateau	Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh	Known for its unique terrain, dry rivers, and plateaus, forming a part of the Vindhya range.	1,000 meters	Ghatampur Plateau (1,100 m)
Sonpar Hills	Madhya Pradesh	Located in central Madhya Pradesh, known for their ancient temples and wildlife.	1,100 meters	Sonpar Peak(1,150 m)
Vindhya Range	Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar	One of the oldest mountain ranges, known for its diversity in topography and rich history.	1,000 meters (General height range)	Kaimur Hills (735 m), Bhander Plateau (950 m), Rewa Hills(1,200 m)
Satpura Range	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh	Known for its rugged terrain, diverse wildlife, and forest reserves. The Satpura National Park is located here.	1,352 meters (Dhoopgarh)	Dhoopgarh (1,352 m), Satpura Peak (1,300 m), Narbada Peak (1,240 m)

Mountain ranges in North Eastern India

Mountain Range	Location	Key Features	Height	Major Peaks
Himalayan Range	Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya	The easternmost extension of the great Himalayas, characterized by snow-covered peaks, deep valleys, and alpine meadows.	7,000+ meters (Kanchenjunga)	Kanchenjunga (8,586 m), Mt. Everest (8,848 m, distant extension), Kangchenjunga (8,586 m)
Purvanchal Range	Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura	A southern extension of the Himalayas, with isolated peaks and deep ravines, covering the eastern states.	1,200 meters (General height range)	Mt. Saramati (3,840 m), Mt. Khampat(2,800 m)
Naga Hills	Nagaland, Myanmar	A subrange of the Purvanchal Range, known for its diverse culture, dense forests, and significant biodiversity.	3,000 meters	Saramati Peak (3,840 m), Mount Japfu (3,048 m)
Mikir Hills	Assam	A part of the Kaziranga National Park, known for its scenic beauty and wild inhabitants.	1,000 meters	Mikir Hills Peak (1,100 m), Bhagwan Hill (1,000 m)
Mizo Hills (Lushai Hills)	Mizoram	A subrange of the Purvanchal Range, marked by lush tropical forests and steep, winding valleys.	1,500 meters	Phawngpui Peak (2,157 m), Sailuang Peak (1,800 m)
Khasi Hills	Meghalaya	Part of the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range, known for its steep slopes and heavy rainfall, often shrouded in mist.	1,700 meters	Shillong Peak (1,964 m), Umiam Peak (1,850 m)
Garo Hills	Meghalaya	Located to the west of the Khasi Hills, known for its rolling hills and rich forests.	1,400 meters	Tura Peak (1,862 m), Siju Peak (1,400 m)
Jaintia Hills	Meghalaya, Bangladesh	A part of the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia range, characterized by limestone caves, waterfalls, and high ridges.	1,400 meters	Nartiang Peak (1,400 m), Jaintia Hill (1,400 m)
Patkai Range	Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Myanmar	Extends along the India-Myanmar border and features rich flora and fauna, as well as tribal culture.	3,000 meters	Mt. Khampat (2,800 m), Patkai Hill (3,000 m)
Dafla Hills	Arunachal Pradesh, Assam	Located in the western part of Arunachal, known for its dense forests and natural beauty.	1,500 meters	Dafla Peak(1,500 m)
Miri Hills	Arunachal Pradesh	A subrange of the Eastern Himalayas, part of the foothills in the northern region.	2,000 meters	Miri Peak(2,000 m)
Abor Hills	Arunachal Pradesh	A mountainous area near the Brahmaputra River, rich in biodiversity and scenic views.	2,200 meters	Abor Peak(2,200 m)
Mishmi Hills	Arunachal Pradesh, China	Located along the border with China, known for its steep slopes and dense forests.	4,000 meters	Mt. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m), Mishmi Peak (4,000 m)
Kangchenjunga	Nepal, Sikkim	The third highest mountain in the world, part of the greater Himalayan range.	8,586 meters	Kangchenjunga(8,586 m)
Rengma Hills	Assam	Located to the south of the Kaziranga National Park, known for its small tribal settlements and agricultural activity.	1,100 meters	Rengma Peak(1,100 m)
Langpangkong Range	Nagaland	A lesser-known range, part of the Naga Hills, marked by ancient tribal heritage and dense forests.	2,000 meters	Langpangkong Peak (2,000 m)
Barail Range	Assam, Nagaland	A significant range extending across Assam and Nagaland, rich in wildlife and diverse ecosystems.	2,000 meters	Mount Barail (2,000 m), Kangthilangso Peak (1,900 m)
Laimatol Range	Manipur	Located in the eastern parts of Manipur, known for its hills and valleys.	1,500 meters	Laimatol Peak (1,500 m)
Bhuban Hills	Assam, Mizoram	A part of the northeastern hills, marked by scenic landscapes and important rivers.	1,000 meters	Bhuban Peak(1,000 m)
Atharamura Range	Tripura	A part of the Tripura hills, rich in biodiversity and marked by steep slopes and winding rivers.	1,000 meters	Atharamura Peak(1,000 m)

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