BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

What are Biodiversity Hotspots?

Biodiversity hotspots are among most critical & biologically rich regions on Earth. These areas are characterized by an extraordinary concentration of endemic species that are not found anywhere else on  planet coupled with significant habitat loss which increases their vulnerability to environmental threats.  Concept of biodiversity hotspots was first proposed by Norman Myers in 1988 & it has since become a key criterion in global conservation efforts.

To fully understand biodiversity hotspots we need to delve into their ecological, geographical & socio-economic aspects. APTI Plus UPSC Coaching offers targeted guidance in mastering complex topics like biodiversity conservation.

Definition & Criteria for Biodiversity Hotspots

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that:

1. Has at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (species that occur nowhere else on Earth).
2. Has lost at least 70% of its original habitat (often through human activity such as deforestation, urbanization & agriculture).

These criteria reflect  dual importance of protecting regions that are both biologically unique & under severe threat.

Global Hotspot framework established by Conservation International includes 36 hotspots covering around 2.3% of Earth land surface but supporting 50% of world plant species & 43% of bird, mammal, reptile & amphibian species.

Characteristics of Biodiversity Hotspots

1. Richness in Endemism

Endemism refers to species that are native to & found only in a specific geographical area. Higher  endemism means more critical it is to protect  area. Some hotspots have extremely high levels of plant endemism with species adapted to specific ecological niches (such as tropical rainforests, savannahs or mountain ranges).

• Example: Madagascar one of  world most famous hotspots is home to over 90% of its plant & animal species being endemic including  lemurs, baobabs & unique reptiles such as  chameleons.
• Biodiversity Value: These regions are like natural laboratories offering key insights into evolutionary processes, ecological relationships & adaptations. Their biodiversity is vital not just for ecological balance but also for practical applications in fields like medicine, agriculture & biotechnology.

2. Habitat Loss

Habitat destruction is threat to biodiversity in these hotspots. Over exploitation of natural resources for agriculture, logging, urbanization & mining among other factors has resulted in massive habitat fragmentation & loss.

• Tropical Rainforests: These forests particularly in places like  Amazon, Sundaland & Central Africa have been drastically reduced by agriculture, logging & illegal trade leading to  decline of several species.
• Coral Reefs: Coral reef hotspots like  Great Barrier Reef are under threat from ocean acidification, climate change & destructive fishing practices.

3. Ecological Importance

Biodiversity hotspots often correspond with biomes (large ecological areas) such as rainforests, grasslands & savannahs which provide numerous ecosystem services:

• Pollination: Hotspots like Amazon Rainforest & Indo-Burma are critical for pollination of plants including many food crops.
• Carbon Sequestration: Forests in Congo Basin & Southeast Asia act as carbon sinks playing key role in regulating Earth climate.
• Water Regulation: Wetlands in hotspots such as  Mediterranean Basin &  Amazon help to regulate water cycles & prevent floods.

Major Biodiversity Hotspots

1. Himalayas (India, Nepal, Bhutan, China)

• Richness:  Himalayas are considered one of world most biodiverse regions. They are home to numerous endemic species like  Himalayan blue poppy, snow leopards & red pandas.
• Ecological Value:  region serves as water source for millions of people feeding major river systems such as Indus, Ganges & Brahmaputra.
• Threats: Deforestation for agriculture, climate change & infrastructure development pose threats to  flora & fauna of  region.

2. Sundaland (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei)

• Richness: islands of Borneo & Sumatra are hotspots of tropical rainforest biodiversity home to unique species like orangutan, Sunda pangolin & Sumatran tiger.
• Ecological Value: These forests are crucial for region air quality, act as habitats for migratory species & provide economic benefits like timber & medicinal plants.
• Threats:  conversion of rainforests into oil palm plantations, illegal logging & mining are major causes of habitat destruction.

3. Amazon Rainforest (South America)

• Richness:  Amazon is  world largest tropical rainforest, rich in species such as Jaguar, Poison dart frogs & Harpy eagles.
• Ecological Value: It generates 20% of  world oxygen & stores carbon playing vital role in climate regulation.
• Threats: Deforestation due to agriculture, cattle ranching & logging as well as climate change are reducing this hotspot integrity at an alarming rate.

4. Indo-Burma (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar)

• Richness: Known for its incredible biodiversity this hotspot is home to species such as  Indochinese tiger, Yangtze giant softshell turtle & bamboo lemur.
• Ecological Value:  hotspot includes vast wetlands & forests that regulate local climate & water systems.
• Threats: Poaching, illegal trade, deforestation for agriculture & hydropower development have affected its biodiversity.

5. Madagascar

• Richness: Nearly 90% of species in Madagascar are endemic making it one of  most biologically unique places on Earth.
• Ecological Value: Madagascar forests help maintain soil fertility & provide water for its agriculture.
• Threats: Slash & burn agriculture, deforestation & hunting of endemic species are major threats.

6. Mediterranean Basin (Europe, North Africa, Western Asia)

• Richness:  Mediterranean Basin is hotspot for plant endemism with unique species like  Mediterranean monk seal & Spanish imperial eagle.
• Ecological Value: This hotspot is essential for pollination, agriculture (especially olive cultivation) & supports fisheries.
• Threats: Urbanization, agricultural intensification & climate change are accelerating degradation in this hotspot.

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Conservation Efforts

Efforts to conserve these hotspots include a combination of scientific research, protected area creation & sustainable practices.

Protected Areas: Governments & NGOs often establish national parks, biosphere reserves & nature reserves to protect ecosystems & prevent further habitat destruction. Amazon has several protected areas such as Jaua-Sarisariñama National Park though illegal encroachment is still a challenge.

International Agreements: Global conservation frameworks like  Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),  International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) &  United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) promote  protection of biodiversity hotspots through treaties, funding & policies.

Community Involvement: Empowering local communities in sustainable farming & eco tourism can help reduce human pressures on biodiversity hotspots while providing economic benefits to those communities.

Restoration Projects: Habitat restoration projects, such as reforestation & wetland rehabilitation, aim to bring back damaged ecosystems & create corridors for wildlife movement.

Monitoring & Research: biodiversity monitoring & scientific research are critical to assessing  state of hotspots & implementing conservation strategies.

Challenges in Conserving Biodiversity Hotspots

• Climate Change: Rising temperatures & altered weather patterns threaten species adapted to specific conditions.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching & trafficking of endangered species for  pet trade or traditional medicine contribute to species decline.
• Economic Pressures: Development & economic activities (like agriculture & mining) are often seen as more immediate needs for local communities & balancing these with conservation efforts is challenging.

36 biodiversity hotspots

No.	Biodiversity Hotspot	Location
1	Indo-Burma	Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar)
2	Sundaland	Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei)
3	Wallacea	Indonesia (Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, East Nusa Tenggara)
4	Amazon Rainforest	South America (Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc.)
5	Atlantic Forest	Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
6	Mesoamerica	Mexico, Central America (Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama)
7	Madagascar	Madagascar
8	Philippines	Philippines
9	Mountains of Southwest China	China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet)
10	Caucasus	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia (Caucasus region)
11	Mediterranean Basin	Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia
12	Tropical Andes	South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela)
13	Guinean Forests of West Africa	Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria
14	Horn of Africa	Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya
15	New Zealand	New Zealand
16	Western Ghats & Sri Lanka	India (Western Ghats), Sri Lanka
17	South-Central China	China (Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan & Guangxi)
18	Heart of Borneo	Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo)
19	Central Asia	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan
20	East Melanesian Islands	Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji
21	Coastal Forests of East Africa	Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Somalia
22	Chilean Winter Rainfall Valdivian Forests	Chile, Argentina
23	Japan’s Temperate Forests	Japan
24	New Guinea	Papua New Guinea, Indonesia (Western New Guinea)
25	Central American Pine-Oak Forests	Mexico, Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua)
26	Borneo & Sumatra	Indonesia, Malaysia (Borneo, Sumatra)
27	East Himalayas	India (Northeast), Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar
28	South West Australia	Australia (South West region)
29	South Asia	India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh
30	Karakoram, Hindukush & Western Himalayas	India (Northwest), Pakistan, Afghanistan, China
31	Indochina	Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar
32	Central & South American Pacific Coast	Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
33	Papua New Guinea Highlands	Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
34	Patagonian & Subantarctic Region	Argentina, Chile
35	Alps	France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Germany
36	Mekong River Basin	Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar

Conclusion

Biodiversity hotspots are critical focus for global conservation efforts. These regions contain wealth of species many of which are found nowhere else on Earth. However they are also among  most threatened areas facing habitat destruction, climate change & over-exploitation.  Protection of biodiversity hotspots is vital not only for conserving unique species but also for maintaining  planet ecological balance which sustains life for all organisms including humans.

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For more such articles, please refer to IAS GYAN

Practice Questions

UPSC Prelims

1. Which of the following is considered biodiversity hotspots?

1. Western Ghats
2. Amazon Rainforest
3. Himalayan Region
4. All of the above

Answer: D.

1. Consider the following statements regarding biodiversity hotspots:

1. 1. A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened by human activities.
   2. There are a total of 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C.

1. Which of the following regions is part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot?

1. Vietnam
2. South Africa
3. Madagascar
4. Australia

Answer: A.

1. The concept of ‘biodiversity hotspot’ was first introduced by which of the following scientists?

1. E.O. Wilson
2. Charles Darwin
3. Richard Dawkins
4. David Attenborough

Answer: A.

UPSC Mains

1. India is home to four biodiversity hotspots The Western Ghats, the Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland. Discuss the importance of preserving these hotspots for ecological balance & national sustainable development.
2. The loss of biodiversity is one of most pressing issues in current global scenario. Examine major threats to biodiversity hotspots & discuss steps required to mitigate these threats.
3. The role of biodiversity hotspots in climate change mitigation cannot be overstated. Evaluate how conservation of these hotspots can contribute to global climate goals.
4. Critically analyze role of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in protecting biodiversity hotspots across the globe & India commitment to it.

Discuss socio-economic implications of preserving biodiversity hotspots in India. How can local communities be involved in conservation efforts while ensuring their development needs are met?